ABSTRACT
Background: Peripheral neuropathy is one of the most common and debilitating but preventable complications of diabetes mellitus, with significant morbidity as it often leads to foot ulceration and amputation. Therefore, this study was aimed to identify the potential risk factors for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) which can affect its progression.Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 240 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus which included 120 patients with clinical evidence of DPN as cases and 120 patients without clinical evidence of DPN as controls. DPN was assessed clinically by neuropathic symptoms and neurological examination using 10 g 5.07 Semmes朩einstein monofilament and vibration digital biothesiometer. Data regarding presence of potential risk factors were collected from all participants and analyzed using logistic regression analysis to measure an association with DPN.Results: A significant and independent association of advancing age, longer duration of diabetes, hyperglycemia, poor glycemic control, autonomic neuropathy and retinopathy with DPN (p<0.05) was observed. Hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, gender, body mass index, method of diabetes control and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor usage were not found be associated with DPN.Conclusions: Since hyperglycemia and poor glycemic control were only modifiable risk factors for DPN, intensive glycemic control and primary prevention are the cornerstones for reducing the incidence or slowing the progression of neuropathy and improving quality of life in diabetic patients.
ABSTRACT
Bleeding during cardiac surgery, liver transplant, trauma and post partum hemorrhage are often multifactorial and these factors are dynamic as new factors crop up during the course of management. Conventional tests of coagulation offer information of a part of the coagulation system and also is time consuming. Viscoelastic point of care tests (VE POCTs) like rotational thromboelastometry, thromboelastogram and Sonoclot, are based on analysis of the viscoelastic properties of clotting blood and provide information for the entire coagulation pathway. In this comprehensive review being presented here, we have examined the pros and cons of VE POCTs including clinical, cost and survival benefits. The recommendations of the various guidelines regarding use of VE POCTs in various scenarios have been discussed. The review also tried to offer suggestions as to their optimal role in management of bleeding during cardiac surgeries, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, left ventricular assist devices, liver transplant and briefly in trauma and postpartum hemorrhage.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To assess the prevalence of hypogonadism in Asian-Indian males with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with reference to clinical feature and total serum testosterone levels. Material and methods: In the cross-sectional study of 50 diabetics of 30-76 years age group preferably without chronic illness, total testosterone, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were measured. Overt hypogonadism was defined as the presence of clinical symptoms of hypogonadism and low testosterone level (total testosterone <8 nmol/l). Borderline hypogonadism was defined as the presence of symptoms and total testosterone of 8-12 nmol/l. Results: A low serum testosterone level was common in diabetic men and a significant proportion of these men had symptoms of hypogonadism. Overt hypogonadism was seen in 30% of men with total testosterone levels <8 nmol/l and borderline hypogonadism was found in 28% of men with total testosterone levels 8-12 nmol/l. Total serum testosterone levels significantly and negatively correlated with both BMI (r = –0.334, p < 0.05) and WC (r = –0.443, p < 0.001), with the association being stronger for WC. HbA1C also significantly and negatively correlated with serum testosterone levels (r = –0.503, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Testosterone levels are frequently low in men with T2DM and the majority of these men have symptoms of hypogonadism, even in the younger age group (early-onset hypogonadism). Obesity and BMI are also associated with low testosterone levels in Asian-Indian diabetic men.